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Adult Spinal Deformity

What is adult scoliosis and kyphosis?

Adult scoliosis and kyphosis describe abnormal spinal curvatures—sideways for scoliosis, excessive forward bend for kyphosis—developing or progressing in adulthood. These conditions can impact posture, pain levels, and everyday activity, and often require tailored, specialist management.

Symptoms

Key warning signs include:

  • Noticeable curve or hump in the back
  • Uneven shoulders, shoulder blades, or hips
  • Back pain or radiating discomfort
  • Stiffness and loss of flexibility
  • Fatigue when standing or walking
  • Changes in gait or balance

Causes

Curvature in adults may arise from:

  • Degenerative changes in discs and joints (degenerative or “de novo” scoliosis)
  • Progression of childhood scoliosis or kyphosis
  • Osteoporosis or spinal fractures
  • Neuromuscular conditions
  • Congenital vertebral abnormalities
  • Spinal trauma

Diagnosis

Accurate diagnosis is achieved by:

  • Comprehensive physical assessment and review of prior medical history
  • Imaging including spinal X-rays, MRI, or CT scans to map curvature type/severity
  • Dynamic tests to assess flexibility and impact on nerves/movement

Treatment and Surgical Management

A balanced approach is taken for every patient:

  • Non-surgical therapies: Individualised exercise programs, physiotherapy, medication, and pain management strategies
  • Surgical options: Reserved for severe, progressive, or unresponsive cases—utilising modern deformity correction techniques only when necessary
  • Patient-centred planning: Each treatment plan is developed with the patient, emphasising safety, outcomes, and function alongside comfort